استفاده از رزین های دی ترپنویید حداقل از قرن ششم هجری در ایران و از قرون میانه در اروپا جهت ساخت ورنی گزارش شده و در طول زمان با دستورالعملهای مختلف بکار رفته اند. شناسایی این رزین ها در نمونه های تاریخی و بررسی دگرگونی های رخ داده در فرآیند کهنگی آنها، به روش های مختلفی مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. از این میان طیفسنجی مادون قرمز بهعنوان یکی از روش هایی که نیاز به نمونه کمی داشته و ارزان و در دسترس است، همواره مورد توجه پژوهشگران بوده است. ساختار شیمیایی رزین های دی ترپنویید در دو دسته عمومی طبقهبندی می شوند: رزین های مرکب از ساختارهای آبیتان و پیماران شامل کلوفان و تربانتین ونیزی، و رزین های متشکل از ساختارهای لبدان و پیماران شامل سندروس و انواع کوپال. ساختارهای آبیتان تشکیل بسپار نمی دهند، اما لبدان ها فرآیند بسپارش را طی زمانی کوتاه طی می کنند و به همین دلیل نیز بیشترین کارآیی را در ورنی های روغنی – رزینی پیدا کرده اند. همین ویژگی ها موجب عملکرد متفاوت دو دسته رزین فوق طی فرآیند پیری و تولید محصولات تخریب شده که این امر تا حدود زیادی در شناسایی ساختار اصلی رزین به روش طیفسنجی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه کمک می کند. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا به بررسی شاخصه های شناسایی رزین های دی ترپنویید در طیف بینی مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه به روش مروری پرداخته و تلاش شده است تا شاخصه های هر رزین بر اساس گزارش های مختلف و ساختار رزین بررسی و معرفی شود. ضمن آنکه به دلیل استفاده از رزین ها در ورنی های روغنی – رزینی، شاخصه های شناسایی روغن بزرک نیز مورد بررسی و مرور قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان می دهد که فرآیند اکسیداسیون رزین ها در ورنی های حلالی و روغنی – رزینی یکسان بوده اما شناسایی آنها در ساختار ورنی های روغنی – رزینی به دلیل تأثیر اکسیداسیون روغن بر شاخصه های شناسایی طی فرآیند پیری دشوار است.
Abstract: Making varnishes from diterpenoid resins with the several orders had been common in Iran from 12th Century and it has also been reported in Europe from medieval ages. Identification of these resins in old samples and investigation of their degradations through ageing process have performed by various methods. FTIR spectrometry has always been of interest to researchers because it is cheap, available and it requires little sample material. Ditepenoid resins are classified into two classes: mixture of abietane and pimarane structures resins that include colophony and Venetian turpentine, and resins that are formed from labdane and pimarane structures which involve sandarac and copal types. Abietane structures do not polymerized in the time but labdanes and pimaranes polymerize at a very short time. For this reason, they mostly are used in oil-resin varnishes. These characteristics have led the two classes of resins to operate differently during ageing process and production of degradation products. This differentiation helps to identify to characterize the original structure of resin in the varnish compound in FTIR spectrometry. This article reviews the identification characteristics of diterpenoid resins in FTIR spectrometry and it tries to investigate and introduce every resin characteristics according to their structure from several references. Moreover, identification characteristics of linseed oil is introduced because of its application in oil-resin varnishes. Also, degradation process and its production are also reviewed. Differentiation in chemical structures of diterpenoid resins causes the differentiation of ageing process such the polymerization of labdanes and pimaranes and cross linking in ageing process produce some new functional groups. Also some functional groups are destroyed during ageing. The changes observed in FTIR spectrometry are inclined oxidation and polymerization of varnishes that in turn changes bands intensity related to OH region, especially in 3000 and 3450 cm-1 and carbonyl region bands. Degradation process of resins in solvent and oil-resin varnishes is same but identification of resin characteristics in oil-resin varnishes is difficult because of effects of oil oxidation on varnish spectra after aging process. Also cross links in varnish structure during aging process causes the formation of some new bands in aged varnishes spectra. Degradation products in resints and ambers are to some extent like that of old resins and varnishes because their aging process is same.
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